A Chaotic Search-Based Hybrid Optimization Technique for Automatic Load Frequency Control of a Renewable Energy Integrated Power System

In this work, a chaotic search-based hybrid Sperm Swarm Optimized-Gravitational Search Algorithm (CSSO-GSA) is proposed for automatic load frequency control (ALFC) of a hybrid power system (HPS). The HPS model is developed using multiple power sources (thermal, bio-fuel, and renewable energy (RE)) that generate power to balance the system’s demand. To regulate the frequency of the system, the control parameters of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for ALFC are obtained by minimizing the integral time absolute error of HPS. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified with various combinations of power sources (all sources, thermal with bio-fuel, and thermal with RE) connected into the system. Further, the robustness of the proposed technique is investigated by performing a sensitivity analysis considering load variation and weather intermittency of RE sources in real-time. However, the type of RE source does not have any severe impact on the controller but the uncertainties present in RE power generation required a robust controller. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated with comparative and stability analysis. The results show that the proposed CSSO-GSA strategy outperforms the SSO, GSA, and hybrid SSO-GSA methods in terms of steady-state and transient performance indices. According to the results of frequency control optimization, the main performance indices such as settling time (ST) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) are significantly improved by 60.204% and 40.055% in area 1 and 57.856% and 39.820% in area 2, respectively, with the proposed CSSO-GSA control strategy compared to other existing control methods

Phytochemical Analysis and Nematicidal Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens Against Meloidogyne incognita

The present study was aimed to screen the phytochemicals and quantification of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids and to evaluate the nematicidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens against Meloidogyne incognita. Phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens was carried out by qualitative analysis and the results revealed that the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, anthroquinone glycosides, saponins and triterpenes. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the maximum amount of alkaloids 12.12 mg/g in leaf of D. innoxia, phenolic compounds 5.675 mg/g in leaf of D. metel and flavonoids 4.945 mg/g in leaf of B. suaveolens. The nematicidal activity of extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens were studied against the root knot nematode M. incognita. For nematicidal activity, the leaf extracts were used at different concentrations like 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm and 1000 ppm in different exposure time like 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs. The in vitro nematicidal activity results suggested that the extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens were possessed nematicidal activity. From this study, we concluded that the extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens contain phytochemicals and the plants were exhibited nematicidal activity against root knot nematode M. incognita. The present study may be useful for the identification and isolation of novel active nematicidal compounds from the leaf of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens

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Not AvailableThe present study was aimed to screen the phytochemicals and to evaluate nematicidal activity of leaf of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens. Phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthroquinone glycosides, saponins and triterpenes were analyzed by qualitatively in aqueous leaf extracts of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens. The extracts were showed positive results for phytocompounds like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins and triterpenes in leaf of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens. The cardiac glycosides and anthroquinone glycosides were absent in all three leaf extracts. The nematicidal potential of aqueous extracts of leaf of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens against the most devastating root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was studied. The leaf samples were subjected to nematicidal activity at different concentrations like 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. The in vitro nematicidal activity showed that the aqueous leaf extract of Brugmansia suaveolens possessed maximum mortality on second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita when compared with Datura metel and Datura innoxia. The concentrations of extract at 1.5% and 2% were found more effective against nematodes when compared to 0.5% and 1%. The mortality rate was also increased with increasing exposure time with leaf extracts. From these results, this study concluded that the nematicidal activity may be due to the presence of phytocompounds in leaf of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens. This information would be useful for further characterization and purification of individual nematicidal compounds from these plants and it may also be helpful to find new bionematicidal compounds.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableThe present study was aimed to screen the phytochemicals and quantification of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids and to evaluate the nematicidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Datura metel, Datura innoxia and Brugmansia suaveolens against Meloidogyne incognita. Phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens was carried out by qualitative analysis and the results revealed that the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, anthroquinone glycosides, saponins and triterpenes. The quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the maximum amount of alkaloids 12.12 mg/g in leaf of D. innoxia, phenolic compounds 5.675 mg/g in leaf of D. metel and flavonoids 4.945 mg/g in leaf of B. suaveolens. The nematicidal activity of extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens were studied against the root knot nematode M. incognita. For nematicidal activity, the leaf extracts were used at different concentrations like 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm and 1000 ppm in different exposure time like 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs. The in vitro nematicidal activity results suggested that the extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens were possessed nematicidal activity. From this study, we concluded that the extracts of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens contain phytochemicals and the plants were exhibited nematicidal activity against root knot nematode M. incognita. The present study may be useful for the identification and isolation of novel active nematicidal compounds from the leaf of D. metel, D. innoxia and B. suaveolens.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableActivity differences of the first (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL) and the last (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD) enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in the roots of resistant (Yangambi Km5 and Anaikomban) and susceptible (Nendran and Robusta) banana cultivars caused by root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus coffeae, were investigated. Also, the accumulation of phenolics and deposition of lignin polymers in cell walls in relation to resistance of the banana cultivars to the nematode were analyzed. Compared to the susceptible cultivars, the resistant cultivars had constitutively significantly higher PAL activity and total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics than in susceptible cultivars. The resistant cultivars responded strongly to the infection of the nematode by induction of several-time higher PAL and CAD enzymes activities, soluble and wall-bound phenolics and enrichment of lignin polymers in cell wall and these biochemical parameters reached maximum at 7th day postinoculation. In addition, profiles of phenolic acid metabolites in roots of Yangambi Km5 and Nendran were analyzed by HPLC to ascertain the underlying biochemical mechanism of bananas resistance to the nematode. Identification and quantification of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolic acids showed six metabolites and only quantitative, no qualitative, differences occurred between the resistant and susceptible cvs. and between constitutive and induced contents. A very prominent increase of p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids, which are precursors of monolignols of lignin, in resistant cv. was found. These constitutive and induced biochemical alterations are definitely the chemical defenses of resistant cvs. to the nematode infection.Not Availabl

Phenylpropanoid enzymes, phenolic polymers and metabolites as chemical defenses to infection of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pratylenchus coffeae</i> in roots of resistant and susceptible bananas (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Musa</i> spp.)

252-260Activity differences of the first (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL) and the last (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD) enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway in the roots of resistant (Yangambi Km5 and Anaikomban) and susceptible (Nendran and Robusta) banana cultivars caused by root lesion nematode, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Pratylenchus coffeae, were investigated. Also, the accumulation of phenolics and deposition of lignin polymers in cell walls in relation to resistance of the banana cultivars to the nematode were analyzed. Compared to the susceptible cultivars, the resistant cultivars had constitutively significantly higher PAL activity and total soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics than in susceptible cultivars. The resistant cultivars responded strongly to the infection of the nematode by induction of several-time higher PAL and CAD enzymes activities, soluble and wall-bound phenolics and enrichment of lignin polymers in cell wall and these biochemical parameters reached maximum at 7th day postinoculation. In addition, profiles of phenolic acid metabolites in roots of Yangambi Km5 and Nendran were analyzed by HPLC to ascertain the underlying biochemical mechanism of bananas resistance to the nematode. Identification and quantification of soluble and cell wall-bound phenolic acids showed six metabolites and only quantitative, no qualitative, differences occurred between the resistant and susceptible cvs. and between constitutive and induced contents. A very prominent increase of p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids, which are precursors of monolignols of lignin, in resistant cv. was found. These constitutive and induced biochemical alterations are definitely the chemical defenses of resistant cvs. to the nematode infection